Adaptive Responses of Dromedary Camel Body Coat to Seasonal Climatic Variations in the Egyptian Northwest Coast

Document Type : Original Research Articles (Regular Papers)

Authors

1 Dept. of Wool Prod. Tech. Div. of Animal and Poultry Prod. DRC. Cairo. Egypt

2 Dept. of Wool prod and Tech. Div. of Animal and Poultry prod. DRC. Cairo. Egypt

Abstract

The dromedary camel's body coat is a crucial adaptive feature, enabling survival in diverse and challenging environments. This study investigated the seasonal and spatial variations in the body coat characteristics of adult female dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in response to the semi-arid climatic conditions of Egypt's northwestern coastal desert. Conducted at the Maryout Research Station from June 2023 to May 2024, the study continuously monitored meteorological data, including ambient temperature and relative humidity, to calculate the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI). Twelve non-pregnant, non-lactating female camels (12-14 years old, avg. 345 ± 8.12 kg) were housed in partially shaded barns with a controlled diet and daily grazing access. Approximately 50 g hair samples were collected from eight body regions to measure coat depth, fiber diameter, fiber type ratio, fiber length, crimp frequency, and medullation index.
Results revealed significant seasonal and spatial variations in coat parameters. Coat depth was approximately 40% greater in winter, providing essential insulation, while the thinner summer coat aided heat dissipation and solar protection. The neck region consistently exhibited the greatest coat depth and fiber diameter, suggesting a functional need for enhanced protection in this exposed area. Spatial differences were also evident in fiber length and crimp frequency, with longer fibers in summer (e.g., neck and hump) potentially offering increased UV protection. These findings underscore the complex interplay between seasonal climatic changes and anatomical factors in shaping the dromedary camel's hair coat, reflecting profound evolutionary adaptations. Future research should further explore these adaptations to optimize camel husbandry and management in varying climates.

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